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Freshwater drum
The freshwater drum, ''Aplodinotus grunniens'', is a fish endemic to North and Central America. It is the only species in the genus ''Aplodinotus''. The freshwater drum is a member of the family Sciaenidae, and is the only North American member of the group that inhabits freshwater for its entire life.〔Fish of the Great Lakes: Wisconsin Sea Grant. Freshwater Drum Aplodinotus grunniens. Wisconsin Sea Grant 2002.http://seagrant.wisc.edu/greatlakesfish/drum.html.〕 Its generic name, ''Aplodinotus'', comes from Greek meaning "single back", and the specific epithet, ''grunniens'', comes from a Latin word meaning "grunting".〔Texas Parks and Wildlife. Freshwater Drum (Aplodinotus grunniens). Texas Parks and Wildlife 2011. http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/wild/species/fwd/〕 It is given to it because of the grunting noise that mature males make. This noise comes from a special set of muscles within the body cavity that vibrate against the swim bladder. The purpose of the grunting is unknown, but due to it being present in only mature males, it is assumed to be linked to spawning.〔
The drum typically weighs . The world record was caught on Nickajack Lake in Tennessee, and weighed in at . The freshwater drum is gray or silvery in turbid waters and more bronze or brown colored in clearer waters. It is a deep bodied fish with a divided dorsal fin consisting of 10 spines and 29–32 rays. It is also called shepherd's pie, gray bass,〔(Life History Notes: Freshwater Drum ) Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife. Retrieved on 2007-07-14.〕 Gasper goo, Gaspergou,〔(Freshwater Drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) ). Texas Parks and Wildlife. Retrieved on 2007-07-14.〕 gou,〔 grunt, grunter,〔 grinder, wuss fish, and croaker, and is commonly known as sheephead or sheepshead in parts of Canada,〔Lilabeth, Miranda and Alrene G. Sampang. (Common Name of Aplodinotus grunniens ). Fishbase. Retrieved on 2007-07-14.〕 the United Kingdom,〔Cruz, Tess and Alrene G. Sampang. (Common Name of Aplodinotus grunniens ). Fishbase. Retrieved on 2007-07-14.〕 and the United States.〔〔〔(Freshwater Drum: Nature Snapshots from Minnesota DNR ). Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Nature Snapshots. Retrieved on 2007-07-14.〕〔(Fishes of North Dakota: Drum Family ). United States Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. Retrieved on 2007-07-14.〕
==Geographic distribution==
Freshwater drum are the only North American member of their family to exclusively inhabit freshwater (freshwater family members in genera ''Pachyurus'' and ''Plagioscion'' are from South America, while ''Boesemania'' is Asian). Their great distribution range goes as far north as the Hudson Bay, and reaches as far south as Guatemala. Their longitudinal distribution goes as far east as the eastern Appalachians and stretches as far west into Texas, Kansas, and Oklahoma.〔Sluss, Aaron. ''Aplodinotus grunniens'' Freshwater Drum. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology 2008. http://141.213.176.11/site/accounts/information/Aplodinotus_grunniens.html.〕 Freshwater drum are considered to be one of the most wide ranging species in North America.
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